㰀琀椀琀氀攀㸀䄀甀琀漀戀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 䜀攀爀栀愀爀搀 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 ⸀ 吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀
㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ匀琀礀氀攀ⴀ吀礀瀀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀㸀㰀䰀䤀一䬀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀猀琀礀氀攀⸀挀猀猀∀ 琀礀瀀攀㴀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀 爀攀氀㴀猀琀礀氀攀猀栀攀攀琀㸀㰀栀攀愀搀㸀㰀⼀栀攀愀搀㸀
吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 㤀㜀 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀
Gerhard Herzberg
contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The electrons that make up the bond between two atoms in a挀漀瘀愀氀攀渀琀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 攀焀甀愀氀氀礀 猀栀愀爀攀搀⸀ꀀ 伀渀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⸀最椀昀∀㸀
which direction the electron pair is pulled is the Electronegativity scale. Electronegativity椀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 愀猀 愀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀渀 愀琀漀洀 椀渀 愀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 琀漀 搀爀愀眀 戀漀渀搀椀渀最
electrons to itself. Because Electronegativity is a relative scale, fluorine椀猀 愀猀猀椀最渀攀搀 愀 瘀愀氀甀攀 漀昀 㐀⸀ 愀渀搀 愀氀氀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀渀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀⸀ꀀ
The following are the Electronegativities for the Main Group elements.
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㔀㔀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀㬀
padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䠀 㴀 ㈀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀琀搀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀✀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㐀㠀㔀
colspan=6> 㰀⼀琀爀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㔀㔀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀㬀
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䰀椀 㴀 ⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Be = 1.5
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䈀 㴀 ㈀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
C = 2.5
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀一 㴀 ㌀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
O = 3.5
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䘀 㴀 㐀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀⼀琀爀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㔀㔀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀㬀
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀一愀 㴀 ⸀㤀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Mg = 1.2
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䄀氀 㴀 ⸀㔀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Si = 1.8
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀倀 㴀 ㈀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
S = 2.5
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䌀氀 㴀 ㌀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀⼀琀爀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㔀㔀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀㬀
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䬀 㴀 ⸀㠀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Ca = 1.0
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䜀愀 㴀 ⸀㘀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Ge = 1.8
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䄀猀 㴀 ㈀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Se = 2.4
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䈀爀 㴀 ㈀⸀㠀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀⼀琀爀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㔀㔀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀㨀猀漀氀椀搀 眀椀渀搀漀眀琀攀砀琀 ⸀ 瀀琀㬀
border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀刀戀 㴀 ⸀㠀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Sr = 1.0
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䤀渀 㴀 ⸀㜀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Sn = 1.8
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀匀戀 㴀 ⸀㤀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㠀 瘀愀氀椀最渀㴀琀漀瀀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀眀椀搀琀栀㨀㘀 ⸀㘀瀀琀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀戀漀爀搀攀爀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀渀漀渀攀㬀
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; 瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㨀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀 椀渀 㔀⸀㐀瀀琀✀㸀
Te = 2.1
㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀✀㸀䤀 㴀 ㈀⸀㔀㰀⼀瀀㸀
| 㰀⼀琀爀㸀
For any bond, the absolute difference of the䔀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀攀最愀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀⸀ꀀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 䌀䌀氀㰀猀甀戀㸀㐀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀漀渀搀
polarity is: 3.0 2.5 = 0.5. Since the Electronegativity of Cl is greater琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 䌀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 瀀愀椀爀 椀猀 瀀甀氀氀攀搀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 䌀氀⸀ꀀ 吀栀椀猀 椀渀 琀甀爀渀 洀愀欀攀猀 琀栀攀
bond slightly polar with the Cl end of the bond slightly negative while the C攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀渀搀 椀猀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀㰀戀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀㰀戀㸀䴀伀䰀䔀䌀唀䰀䄀刀 䜀䔀伀䴀䔀吀刀夀 伀䘀 䴀伀䰀䔀䌀唀䰀䔀匀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀
physical properties of molecules is the molecular geometry (shape) of them. 吀栀攀 洀漀搀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 眀攀 眀椀氀氀 甀猀攀 琀漀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀瀀攀 漀昀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 嘀愀氀攀渀挀攀
Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR for short).
VSEPR theory is based on the concept that electron pairs眀椀氀氀 爀攀瀀攀氀 攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 最攀琀 愀猀 昀愀爀 愀瀀愀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀猀
possible. The number of electron pairs that we can have on our C, N, or O愀琀漀洀猀 挀愀渀 爀愀渀最攀 昀爀漀洀 琀眀漀Ⰰ 琀栀爀攀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 昀漀甀爀⸀ꀀ 一漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 漀昀 愀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀
bond (for example CO2), the electron pairs in the double or triple戀漀渀搀 漀挀挀甀瀀礀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 爀攀最椀漀渀 漀昀 猀瀀愀挀攀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 挀漀甀渀琀攀搀 愀猀 漀渀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀
pair. Also, the electron pairs can be either bonding pairs or non-bonding瀀愀椀爀猀 ⠀愀氀猀漀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀 愀 氀漀渀攀 瀀愀椀爀⤀⸀ꀀ 吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 氀攀琀 甀猀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 攀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀
possibilities.
For two electron pairs, the furthest apart that they can get椀猀 㠀 㰀猀甀瀀㸀漀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 ⴀ 愀氀猀漀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 㰀戀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀琀攀砀琀ⴀ琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀㨀甀瀀瀀攀爀挀愀猀攀✀㸀氀椀渀攀愀爀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀
geometry. We can get two pairs by a number of combinations. For example, two猀椀渀最氀攀 戀漀渀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 渀漀 氀漀渀攀 瀀愀椀爀猀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀猀 琀栀椀猀 猀栀愀瀀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀䘀漀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 瀀愀椀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀甀爀琀栀攀猀琀 愀瀀愀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀
get is 120o - also known as a trigonal瀀氀愀渀愀爀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀䘀漀爀 昀漀甀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 瀀愀椀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀甀爀琀栀攀猀琀 愀瀀愀爀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 挀愀渀
get is 109.5o, which is the 3D structure known as a tetrahedron. 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀渀 漀挀挀甀爀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀
structure. The resulting geometry will be called bent. This geometry occurs most漀昀琀攀渀 昀漀爀 漀砀礀最攀渀 戀愀猀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀㸀匀攀攀 琀栀攀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀氀漀眀 昀漀爀 愀 瘀椀猀甀愀氀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀
the Linear, Trigonal Planar, and Tetrahedral shapes as well as the three䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䜀攀漀洀攀琀爀椀攀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀昀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 吀攀琀爀愀栀攀搀爀愀氀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀
pairs.
㰀琀愀戀氀攀 挀攀氀氀瀀愀搀搀椀渀最㴀 挀攀氀氀猀瀀愀挀椀渀最㴀 愀氀椀最渀㴀氀攀昀琀㸀
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㌀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀 㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀琀爀㸀
| 㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀洀最 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀 㤀 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㌀㌀㤀 猀爀挀㴀∀椀洀愀最攀 ㈀⸀樀瀀最∀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀
㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀
Gerhard Herzberg was born in Hamburg, Germany, on 25 December, 1904. 䠀攀 眀愀猀 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀 椀渀 㤀㈀㤀 琀漀 䰀甀椀猀攀 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 渀攀 伀攀琀琀椀渀最攀爀 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 琀眀漀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 眀椀搀漀眀攀搀 椀渀 㤀㜀⸀
䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 栀椀猀 攀愀爀氀礀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀 䠀愀洀戀甀爀最 愀渀搀 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䐀愀爀洀猀琀愀搀琀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 吀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀 㤀㈀㠀 栀攀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 䐀爀⸀䤀渀最⸀ 搀攀最爀攀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 䠀⸀ 刀愀甀 ⠀愀 瀀甀瀀椀氀 漀昀 圀⸀ 圀椀攀渀⤀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 㤀㈀㠀 琀漀 㤀㌀ 栀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 瀀漀猀琀ⴀ搀漀挀琀漀爀愀琀攀 眀漀爀欀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䜀琀琀椀渀最攀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 䨀愀洀攀猀 䘀爀愀渀挀欀 愀渀搀 䴀愀砀 䈀漀爀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䈀爀椀猀琀漀氀⸀ 䤀渀 㤀㌀ 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 倀爀椀瘀愀琀搀漀稀攀渀琀 ⠀氀攀挀琀甀爀攀爀⤀ 愀渀搀 猀攀渀椀漀爀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀愀爀洀猀琀愀搀琀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 吀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀⸀
䤀渀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 㤀㌀㔀 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 眀愀猀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 氀攀愀瘀攀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀 愀猀 愀 爀攀昀甀最攀攀 愀渀搀 琀漀漀欀 甀瀀 愀 最甀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀猀栀椀瀀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 匀愀猀欀愀琀挀栀攀眀愀渀 ⠀匀愀猀欀愀琀漀漀渀Ⰰ 䌀愀渀愀搀愀⤀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 昀甀渀搀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 洀愀搀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀愀爀渀攀最椀攀 䘀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀 昀攀眀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀Ⰰ 愀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 栀攀 栀攀氀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 㤀㐀㔀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 㤀㐀㔀 琀漀 㤀㐀㠀 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 夀攀爀欀攀猀 伀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀⸀ 䠀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀 椀渀 㤀㐀㠀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 伀昀昀椀挀攀爀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀爀琀氀礀 愀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀猀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀⸀ 䤀渀 㤀㔀㔀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 漀渀攀 椀渀 瀀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 漀渀攀 椀渀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀Ⰰ 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀甀爀攀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀Ⰰ 愀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 栀攀氀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 㤀㘀㤀 眀栀攀渀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 䐀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀攀搀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 匀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀挀漀洀戀椀渀攀搀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀⸀
䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最✀猀 洀愀椀渀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 愀渀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀⸀ 䠀攀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 搀椀愀琀漀洀椀挀 愀渀搀 瀀漀氀礀愀琀漀洀椀挀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 漀昀 洀愀渀礀 昀爀攀攀 爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 椀渀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀愀礀 ⠀愀洀漀渀最 漀琀栀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀漀猀攀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀 洀攀琀栀礀氀 愀渀搀 洀攀琀栀礀氀攀渀攀⤀⸀ 䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 栀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀椀挀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 椀渀 瀀氀愀渀攀琀愀爀礀 愀琀洀漀猀瀀栀攀爀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 挀漀洀攀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀猀琀攀氀氀愀爀 猀瀀愀挀攀⸀
䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 愀猀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀爀 嘀椀挀攀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀 搀攀愀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 嘀椀挀攀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 唀渀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 䄀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㔀㜀 琀漀 㤀㘀㌀⸀ 䠀攀 栀攀氀搀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀攀猀 漀昀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀愀渀愀搀椀愀渀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 㤀㔀㘀ⴀ㔀㜀 愀渀搀 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 㤀㘀㘀ⴀ㘀㜀⸀
䠀攀爀稀戀攀爀最 眀愀猀 攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀 椀渀 㤀㌀㤀 愀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 椀渀 㤀㔀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 䈀愀欀攀爀椀愀渀 䰀攀挀琀甀爀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 椀渀 㤀㘀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 愀 刀漀礀愀氀 䴀攀搀愀氀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 椀渀 㤀㜀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 䜀攀漀爀最攀 䘀椀猀挀栀攀爀 䈀愀欀攀爀 一漀渀ⴀ刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 䰀攀挀琀甀爀攀爀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀琀 䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 椀渀 㤀㘀㠀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀愀爀愀搀愀礀 䴀攀搀愀氀氀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 䰀攀挀琀甀爀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 椀渀 㤀㜀 ⸀ 䠀攀 椀猀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 䴀攀洀戀攀爀 漀爀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀 漀昀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 猀漀挀椀攀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 䄀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 伀瀀琀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀ 䠀攀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀 䘀漀爀攀椀最渀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 椀渀 圀愀猀栀椀渀最琀漀渀 愀渀搀 愀 洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀漀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀氀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀⸀ 䠀攀 椀猀 愀 䌀漀洀瀀愀渀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀猀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 洀愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 洀攀搀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 愀眀愀爀搀猀 愀渀搀 栀漀氀搀猀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 䐀攀最爀攀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 䌀愀渀愀搀愀 愀渀搀 愀戀爀漀愀搀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 漀渀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 匀琀漀挀欀栀漀氀洀⸀
㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
䈀愀渀焀甀攀琀 匀瀀攀攀挀栀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Gerhard Herzberg's speech at the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm, December 10, 1971㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Your Royal Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
It is very difficult to find appropriate words to say "thank you" for an honour like the Nobel Prize. It is the supreme honour that a scientist can receive. Some of the giants in physics and chemistry have received this prize. Rutherford, the founder of nuclear physics, received the prize in chemistry in 1908. A number of those who have taught me either directly or indirectly are on that list: James Franck, Max Born, Peter Debye, Harold Urey and many others. I should also like to pay tribute to two pioneers in molecular spectroscopy from Sweden, Heurlinger and Hulthén, who accomplished the first difficult analyses of molecular spectra in the 1920's.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
In receiving the award this year I think not only of these giants from whom I learned so much but also of my first teacher, Hans Rau, who guided my first steps in research, and to the many collaborators who helped me in my later work. Of them I should like to single out A. E. Douglas, whose quick and critical mind was always ready to help. I also think of my adopted country Canada, which gave a haven to me and my wife when we arrived as refugees. I think of the University of Saskatchewan which supported my work in its early stages and the National Research Council of Canada which provided an atmosphere so conducive to research.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Five years ago I received the great honour of an Honorary Degree from the University of Stockholm here in this building. It was at the same ceremony that His Majesty the King received an Honorary Degree from the Royal Caroline Medico-Chirurgical Institute. I felt doubly honoured that His Majesty was present throughout this ceremony. I could hardly have expected at that time that five years later I would stand here again in this building having received the great and supreme honour of the Nobel Prize from His Majesty's hands. I shall be forever grateful. Tack så mycket.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
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